Summary Europe must boost defence spending, says von der Leyen

UK, France and Ukraine to present peace deal to Trump

Zelenskiy meets King Charles at his residence

Macron says deal would be a ceasefire for air and sea combat

LONDON, March 2 (Reuters) – British Prime Minister Keir Starmer said on Sunday European leaders had agreed to draw up a Ukraine peace plan to present to the United States, a vital step for Washington to be able to offer security guarantees that Kyiv says are essential to deter Russia.

At a summit in London just two days after Volodymyr Zelenskiy clashed with U.S. President Donald Trump and cut short a visit to Washington, European leaders offered a strong show of support to the Ukrainian president and promised to do more to help his nation.

Sign up here.

European leaders agreed they must spend more on defence to show Trump the continent can protect itself, and the European Commission chief suggested the bloc could ease rules that limit debt levels.

Starmer, who welcomed a visibly shaken Zelenskiy on Saturday with a warm hug, said Britain, Ukraine, France and some other nations would form a “coalition of the willing” and draw up a peace plan to take to Trump.

“This is not a moment for more talk. It’s time to act. Time to step up and lead and to unite around a new plan for a just and enduring peace,” Starmer said.

Leaders did not provide details of their plan. Before the summit, French President Emmanuel Macron told newspaper Le Figaro that the plan would involve a one-month ceasefire that would apply to air and sea attacks but not to ground combat.

European troops would be deployed if a more substantial peace agreement was reached, he said. It was not clear whether other nations had agreed to the terms.

Zelenskiy said after the meeting that he left London with “Europe’s clear support” and readiness to cooperate.

“There will be diplomacy for the sake of peace,” he said in his nightly video address. “And for the sake of us all being together – Ukraine, all of Europe and definitely, definitely America.”

Earlier, Zelenskiy told reporters that Ukraine would not cede any territory to Russia as part of a peace agreement and said he was still willing to sign a minerals deal with the United States.

Zelenskiy said he believed he could salvage his relationship with Trump after Friday’s shouting match, but that talks would have to take place behind closed doors.

“The format of what happened, I don’t think it brought something positive or additional to us as partners,” he said.

Europe is scrambling to ensure that Kyiv is not squeezed out of any talks after the Oval Office clash raised fears that the U.S. could pull support for Ukraine and impose a peace plan negotiated with Russia.

Several European leaders said they must increase defence spending – something that could help bring Trump on side to offer a U.S. security guarantee in the event of peace.

“After a long time of underinvestment, it is now of utmost importance to step up the defence investment for a prolonged period of time,” Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, the EU’s executive body, told reporters.

Europe needs to turn “Ukraine into a steel porcupine that is indigestible for potential invaders,” she said.

Item 1 of 9 Britain’s Prime Minister Keir Starmer, President Volodymyr Zelenskiy, Germany’s Chancellor Olaf Scholz, Norway’s Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Store, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, European Council President Antonio Costa, France’s President Emmanuel Macron, Canada’s Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Czech Republic’s Prime Minister Petr Fiala, Dutch Prime Minister Dick Schoof, Romania’s Interim President Ilie Bolojan, Turkey’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Hakan Fidan, Denmark’s Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen, Sweden’s Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson, Finland’s President Alexander Stubb, Italy’s Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, Spain’s Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez, Poland’s Prime Minister Donald Tusk and NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte attend the European leaders’ summit to discuss European security and Ukraine, at Lancaster House in London, Britain, March 2, 2025. NTB/Javad Parsa/via REUTERS [1/9] Britain’s Prime Minister Keir Starmer, President Volodymyr Zelenskiy, Germany’s Chancellor Olaf Scholz, Norway’s Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Store, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, European Council President Antonio Costa, France’s President Emmanuel Macron, Canada’s Prime… Purchase Licensing Rights , opens new tab Read more

LACKING WEAPONRY, STOCKS

Europe, which lacks the weaponry and depth of ammunition stocks of the U.S., hopes to convince Trump that it can defend itself but that Russia will only adhere to a peace deal if it comes with the backing of the United States.

Talks with the U.S. have centred on Washington providing a so-called backstop for a European peacekeeping role, possibly in the form of air cover, intelligence and surveillance and a greater but unspecified threat if Russian President Vladimir Putin again sought to take more territory.

Crucial to getting any agreement from Trump is for European nations to increase defence spending and signal they would take part in any peacekeeping role – something Starmer acknowledged was difficult to get unanimity on.

Starmer increased the UK’s defence spending before his visit to Washington last week, and NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte said some European leaders had privately set out new plans on defence spending at the meeting but he declined to give details.

‘UNCOMFORTABLE VIEWING’

Trump has upended U.S. policy on the three-year-old war since he returned to the White House in January, casting doubt on U.S. military and political support for Ukraine – and Europe – and ending the isolation of Moscow.

“We should spend less time worrying about Putin, and more time worrying about migrant rape gangs, drug lords, murderers, and people from mental institutions entering our Country – So that we don’t end up like Europe!” Trump said in a post on his Truth Social network late on Sunday.

Trump had blindsided Europe by calling Putin without warning and sending a delegation to Saudi Arabia for talks with Russia without including Ukraine or Europe. Trump has falsely suggested that Kyiv was responsible for starting the war, and on Friday, he criticised Zelenskiy for not being grateful for U.S. aid.

Zelenskiy, who has in the past thanked the U.S. for their support, said on Monday that: “There has not been a day when we have not felt this gratitude” to Washington.

Zelenskiy’s clash with Trump ended a week when Europe had appeared to be in a better position in its drive to encourage Trump to continue to offer support to Ukraine after cordial visits to Washington by Macron and Starmer

Starmer described watching the spat between Zelenskiy and Trump in the Oval Office as uncomfortable viewing, but he was keen to push the conversation forward by offering himself as a go-between for Europe and the United States.

In a further show of support for the Ukrainian leader, Zelenskiy later on Sunday flew to meet King Charles at his private residence in eastern England.

The Trump administration on Sunday continued to criticise Zelenskiy. White House national security adviser Mike Waltz told CNN that the U.S. needs a Ukrainian leader who is willing to secure a lasting peace with Russia, but that it is not clear Zelenskiy is prepared to do so.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov praised Trump’s “common sense” approach and accused European countries of seeking to prolong the conflict by propping up Zelenskiy “with their bayonets in the form of peacekeeping units”.

Starmer said the leaders on Sunday also agreed to work to ensure Kyiv is at the table of any peace talks and boost the country’s own defence capabilities.

“Europe must do the heavy lifting, but to support peace in our continent and to succeed, this effort must have strong U.S. backing,” Starmer told a news conference.

Writing by Elizabeth Piper and Andy Sullivan; additional reporting by Allesandra Gallioni in London, Andreas Rinke in Berlin, Guy Faulconbridge in Moscow and David Ljunggren in Ottawa; Editing by Barbara Lewis, William Maclean, Leslie Adler and Michael Perry

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. , opens new tab

King Charles is helping ‘reinvigorate’ shaken UK-France relations

How King Charles is helping to ‘reinvigorate’ the shaken UK-France friendship

Author, Paul Kirby Role, Europe digital editor

6 hours ago

Few scenes convey British pomp and soft power more than the King and Queen in a carriage procession through the picturesque streets of Windsor. They are being joined on Tuesday by Emmanuel and Brigitte Macron for the first state visit by a French president since 2008, and the first by a European Union leader since Brexit.

The Prince and Princess of Wales will be there too — a Royal Salute will be fired and Macron will inspect a guard of honour. But at a time of jeopardy in Europe, this three-day visit to Windsor and London promises much more than ceremony.

There is a genuine hope that the coming days will make a difference to both countries.

Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Macron and Starmer joined the German chancellor on a train ride to Kyiv recently, sending a powerful message of support for Ukraine at a time when US commitment appeared to be flagging

Macron will address MPs and peers at Westminster, and he and Brigitte will be treated to a state banquet back at Windsor. The trip will culminate with a UK-France summit, co-chaired by Sir Keir Starmer and Macron, during which the two governments hope to reach an agreement on the return of irregular migrants.

They will also host Ukraine’s leader by video as they try to maintain arms supplies to his military.

But the wider question is how closely aligned they can really become, and whether they can put any lingering mistrust after Brexit behind them.

And, given that the trip will involve much pageantry – with the tour moving from the streets of Windsor, the quadrangle of the Castle and later to the Royal Gallery of the Palace of Westminster – how crucial is King Charles III’s role in this diplomacy?

Resetting a ‘unique partnership’

It was less than two months ago that the UK and EU agreed to “reset” relations in London. Ties with France in particular had warmed considerably, driven partly by personal understanding but also strategic necessity.

The two neighbours have much in common: they are both nuclear powers and members of the United Nations Security Council.

They are also both looking to update a 15-year-old defence pact known as the Lancaster House treaties, which established a 10,000-strong Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), and they have recently been working on broadening it to include other Nato and European countries.

Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Macron has seen much of Sir Keir lately at summits in London, Canada and The Hague – and Starmer has visited France five times since becoming PM

“It has always been a unique partnership,” says former French ambassador to the UK Sylvie Bermann. “I think this partnership will be crucial in the future.”

All of this is unlikely to escape the notice of US President Donald Trump, who is also promised a state visit, his second to the UK, probably in September.

King Charles is ‘more than a figurehead’

King Charles, who is 76, has already navigated some complex royal diplomacy this year.

Macron was the first European leader to visit Trump in the White House in February, but it was Sir Keir who stole the show days later, handing him a personal invitation from the King.

Then, when Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelensky returned to Europe fresh from a bruising meeting with Trump at the White House in February, it was King Charles who welcomed him to Sandringham, and then met him again at Windsor in June.

He has spoken in the past of the heroism of Ukrainians in the face of “indescribable aggression”.

Even before ascending the throne, King Charles amassed decades of experience in international affairs (he is also fluent in French). He was only 21 when he attended the funeral in 1970 of Charles de Gaulle, the wartime general who became the architect of France’s current Fifth Republic.

He went on to become the longest-serving Prince of Wales in history, and now he is King he has weekly audiences with the prime minister. “The choreography is a strange dance, I suspect, between Number Ten and the Palace,” says royal commentator Richard Fitzwilliams.

“There’s no doubt at all that Charles is considerably more than a figurehead.”

Image source, Getty Images Image caption, King Charles at 21, attending the Mass for Charles de Gaulle in Paris

Windsor Castle, which dates back to the first Norman king, William the Conqueror, has hosted French presidents before. But there is a quiet significance in the appearance of the Prince and Princess of Wales in welcoming Emmanuel and Brigitte Macron, as Catherine recovers from treatment for cancer.

Between them, the King and Macron have played their part in resetting relations between the two neighbours, and by extension with the European Union too.

The King is a francophile, says Marc Roche, a columnist and royal commentator for French media: “He has always had a good relationship with France.”

A year after the death of Queen Elizabeth II, it was France that King Charles and Queen Camilla chose for their first state visit in September 2023.

Image source, AFP via Getty Images Image caption, Queen Camilla played table tennis at a sports centre in Paris with Brigitte Macron

Macron had reminded the world in 2022 that the late Queen had “climbed the stairs of the Élysée Palace” six times – more than any other foreign sovereign. His words were warmly received in the UK.

The King received a standing ovation after an address in French to the Senate, and the Queen played table tennis at a sports centre with Brigitte Macron. France’s first lady has since visited her in London for a cross-Channel book award.

Gentle touches they may have been, but it followed a very rough period in Franco-British relations.

Brexit negotiations soured relations

The mood had soured during negotiations over Brexit, which the French president said was based on a lie.

Then four years ago, Australia pulled out of a deal to buy 12 French submarines and signed a defence pact with the UK and US instead. The French foreign minister called it a “stab in the back”.

Boris Johnson, who was prime minister at the time, told the French they should “prenez un grip” and “donnez-moi un break”.

Image source, Getty Images Image caption, French-British relations soured during negotiations over Brexit, which Macron (pictured with Johnson in 2020) said was based on a lie

It had been Macron’s idea for a European Political Community (EPC) in 2022 that brought the UK into a broad group of countries all seeking to respond to Russia’s full-scale invasion.

In 2023 the then-Prime Minister, Rishi Sunak, sought to turn the page on several years of frosty relations at a Franco-British summit in Paris.

British and French prime ministers have come and gone: the UK had three in 2022, and last year France had four. It was Sunak’s team that organised last year’s EPC summit at Blenheim, but it was Starmer as new prime minister who chaired it.

Sébastien Maillard, who helped advise the French presidency in setting up the EPC, said he believed “on both sides there is still a lack of trust… The memory of these difficult times has not vanished”.

“Trust needs time to build and perhaps the Russian threat, support for Ukraine and how to handle Trump are three compelling reasons to rebuild that trust,” says Maillard, who is now at the Chatham House think tank.

Susi Dennison, of the European Council on Foreign Relations in Paris, agrees relations with France are not back to pre-Brexit levels, but suggests some things the UK and France are “bickering” about were being argued over even before the Brexit vote.

For Macron, this is a chance to not only improve the relationship but also to shine on the international stage when his popularity at home has sunk, Mr Roche believes. “It’s a very important visit, especially the first day, because the French are fascinated by the Royal Family.”

After eight years in power, Macron’s second term still has almost two years to run, but he has paid the price politically for calling snap elections last year and losing his government’s majority. His prime minister, François Bayrou, faces a monumental task in the coming months in steering next year’s budget past France’s left-wing and far-right parties.

As president, Macron’s powers – his domaine réservé – cover foreign policy, defence and security, but traditionally France’s prime minister does not travel with the head of state, so Macron comes to the UK with a team of ministers who will handle far more than international affairs.

The difficult question of migration

During the summit, the two teams will also work on nuclear energy, artificial intelligence and cultural ties. Differences still have to be sorted over “post-Brexit mobility” for students and other young people, and France is expected to push the Starmer government on that.

But most of the headlines on Thursday’s UK-France summit will cover the two main issues: defence and migration.

Defending Ukraine will take pride of place. An Élysée Palace source said it would discuss “how to seriously maintain Ukraine’s combat capability” and regenerate its military.

“On defence our relationship is closer than any other countries,” says former ambassador Sylvie Bermann. “We have to prepare for the future… to strengthen the deterrence of Europe.”

And if a ceasefire were agreed in Ukraine, the two countries could provide the backbone of the “reassurance force” being proposed by the “coalition of the willing”. Sir Keir and Macron have played a prominent part in forming this coalition, but so too have the military chiefs of staff of both countries.

Migration is the stickiest problem the two countries face, however. How they deal with their differences on it – particularly on small boats – is crucial to their future relationship.

They are especially keen to sign an agreement on migrant returns and on French police stopping people boarding “taxi boats” to cross the Channel.

Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Both countries want to sign an agreement on migrant returns. More than 20,000 people have arrived in the UK in small boats in the first six months of 2025

France has long argued that the UK has to address the “pull factors” that drive people to want to risk their lives on the boats – the UK, for its part, already pays for many of the 1,200 French gendarmes to patrol France’s long northern coastline to stop the smugglers’ boats.

The countries are believed to have been working on the terms of a “one-in, one-out” agreement, so that for every small-boat arrival in the UK that France takes back, the UK would allow in one asylum seeker from France seeking family reunification.

Several countries on the southern coasts of Europe are unimpressed because it could mean France sending those asylum seekers handed back by the UK on to their country of entry into the EU, bordering the Mediterranean.

In the UK, the opposition Conservatives have branded the idea “pathetic”, accusing the government of a “national record – for failure” on curbing small-boat crossings.

And yet every country in Europe is looking for a way to cut illegal border crossings. Meghan Benton, of the Migration Policy Institute, believes a Franco-British deal could work as a possible pilot for the rest of Europe: “What works for the Channel could also work for the Mediterranean.”

Image source, Getty Images Image caption, King Charles previously called on France and the UK to find common ground “to reinvigorate our friendship”

Any agreement on this tricky issue could also signal a real, practical improvement in the countries’ political relationship. France’s right-wing Interior Minister, Bruno Retailleau, has already been working with Labour’s Home Secretary Yvette Cooper to try to find a workable solution.

How far they get, and its wider impact on Europe, is still to be decided, but it does reflect a new willingness between the two neighbours to tackle the divisions between them.

Boris Johnson once accused France of wanting to punish the UK for Brexit. That difficult chapter appears to be over.

As Susi Dennison puts it: “There’s a certain distance that will always be there, but things are operating quite well.”

During King Charles’ 2023 state visit to France he called on the two countries to find common ground, “to reinvigorate our friendship to ensure it is fit for the challenge of this, the 21st Century”.

And so this visit will help show – both in the relationships between individuals and on concrete policy debates – whether his call has been answered.

Get in touch InDepth is the home for the best analysis from across BBC News. Tell us what you think. Contact form

King Charles III on Thursday follows in his mother Queen Elizabeth II’s footsteps by addressing lawmakers in the French upper chamber of parliament on the second day of a visit that has seen him urge stronger ties between the countries.

ph

At a lavish state banquet late Wednesday, Charles issued a call for France and the UK to reinvigorate their relations, in comments echoed by French President Emmanuel Macron.

It is “incumbent upon us all to reinvigorate our friendship to ensure it is fit for the challenge of this, the 21st century,” Charles said in a toast.

Macron added that “despite Brexit… I know, your majesty, that we will continue to write part of the future of our continent together, to meet the challenges and to serve the causes we have in common”.

“Our relations have of course not always been entirely straightforward,” Charles said, in a speech in both English and accented but clearly-spoken French that impressed his hosts.

But he set out an optimistic vision of the Entente Cordiale, the pact between the two neighbours forged in 1904, calling it a “sustainable alliance”.

– Packed schedule –

Charles’ speech at the Senate, France’s upper house of parliament, is the diplomatic high point of a more informal day. The late queen addressed the Senate in 2004 but not in the chamber itself.

He will then visit the northern Parisian suburb of Saint-Denis — home to the French national stadium used for the Rugby World Cup, and the Olympics next year — where he is expected to see residents and sports stars.

Also heading to the Ile de la Cite on the river Seine, Charles —- a keen gardener who once admitted he talked to his plants —- will tour a flower market named after Queen Elizabeth II on her last state visit in 2014.

From there, he will view renovation and reconstruction work at the nearby Notre-Dame Cathedral, which was partially destroyed by a devastating fire in 2019.

Nearly 1,000 people are working to restore the cathedral, that dates back to the 12th century and is considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture.

Following the fire, Charles said in an emotional message to Macron that he was “utterly heartbroken”, calling Notre-Dame “one of the greatest architectural achievements of Western civilisation”.

The Paris leg of the state visit wraps up with a formal farewell from Macron at the Elysee Palace.

The visit, which was rescheduled from March due to mass protests against French pension reforms, also aims to showcase Charles’s stature as a statesman just over a year after the death of Queen Elizabeth II.

The original itinerary in Paris and the southwestern city of Bordeaux is largely unchanged, and is packed with ceremony and pomp in a country that abolished its monarchy in the 1789 revolution and executed its king.

– Tactile friends –

On Wednesday, Macron and Charles were seen chatting amicably while driving down the Champs-Elysees for talks at the Elysee Palace.

After their talks, the pair walked the short distance to the residence of the British ambassador, pausing to shake hands with well-wishers on the upscale Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honore.

The French president is known to have a strong personal rapport with Charles, with both men known for their love of books.

Macron presented Charles with a book by the 20th-century French writer Romain Gary, while he received a special edition of Voltaire’s “Lettres sur les Anglais” (“Letters on the English”).

When Emmanuel Macron rides in a horse-drawn carriage to Windsor Castle this week, it will be to celebrate the return of close political relations between London and Paris, drawing a line under the damaging spats of the Brexit years.

The French president’s office said the “shared interests” of the two countries were what mattered now, hailing France and the UK’s “essential” close relationship on the international stage. This reinvigorated cross-Channel bond was “vital”, a UK official said.

For Paris, it is symbolic that Macron is the first European leader to be invited for a pomp-filled state visit to the UK since Brexit. It is seen as a sign of the special France-UK relationship that Macron beat the US president, Donald Trump, to be hosted by King Charles. Trump is expected to take his turn in a gilded carriage later this year.

The strong Franco-British unity on display is seen as crucial at a time of war in Ukraine and the Middle East and faced with the unpredictability of the US president. London and Paris’s close bilateral ties on security and defence continued unhindered by Brexit, but are expected to be deepened and updated at Downing Street’s Franco-British summit this week, as the two countries lead the “coalition of the willing” on Ukraine.

For France, Macron’s state visit underlines how far Labour’s Keir Starmer has gone to move on from the nightmare chapter in cross-Channel relations of the Brexit years. Boris Johnson, who used his best franglais to say Paris should “donnez-moi un break”, was seen by French officials as a populist engaged in constant France-bashing to numb the electorate to the impact of Brexit. Trust and dialogue had ebbed away during bitter rows over submarine contracts with Australia and fishing rights. The short-lived PM Liz Truss had deliberately refused to say whether Macron was a friend or a foe while running for the Conservative leadership.

Relations began to thaw under Rishi Sunak, assisted by King Charles’s state visit to France in 2023. The king dined at the Palace of Versailles, saying he loved Édith Piaf songs because the French cabaret star had sung to his mother on a state visit when she was pregnant with him.

1:12 King Charles and Queen Camilla enter French presidential palace with President Macron – video

Macron and Starmer see each other unusually often. The UK prime minister has travelled to France five times since his election, with Macron travelling several times in the other direction, as they work together on Ukraine.

“The geopolitical landscape has changed and made it more compelling for both sides to make up,” said Sébastien Maillard, a special adviser to the Jacques Delors Institute. “At a time of tremendous, almost earth-shattering movements in the international order, it’s a way for both countries – who are permanent members of the UN security council, have nuclear deterrents and the same level of diplomatic and military outreach – to cling to an order based on international law.”

Maillard said France and the UK’s renewed relationship, and putting Brexit aside, sent a signal to the Kremlin and the White House that they were like-minded and “there is no ideological warfare between them … that core values and principles are deeply shared, and they are closely tied when it comes to defending Ukraine and the continent, and upgrading their military capabilities while increasing defence spending”.

But a difficult issue remains on the table: the catastrophic deaths of would-be asylum seekers trying to reach the UK coast on small boats across the Channel from France. Despite joint British funding and cooperation, and French police presence on the coast, nearly 20,000 people have arrived in Britain via small boats so far this year, a 50% increase on the same period in 2024. At least 17 people died this year trying to cross the Channel by boat, after a record 78 died last year. France is considering allowing police to stop British-bound boats in its shallow coastal waters up to 300 metres from the coast, but this requires a legal decision from sea authorities. Announcements are expected at this week’s summit.

“Both governments have to approach this as a domestic political issue, which makes the situation even more complex,” said Christian Lequesne, a professor of international relations at Paris’s Sciences Po university. He said Starmer and Macron were in their own ways both under pressure at home from an increase in far-right and anti-immigration political discourse from Marine Le Pen and Nigel Farage.

Lequesne said that ultimately the newly warmed relationship better equipped the countries to find solutions: “It took a long time, but France has finally digested Brexit, which it had a hard time swallowing and was disappointed about.”

The state visit will be hosted in Windsor Castle while building work is carried out at Buckingham Palace.

That means relocating traditional elements like the state banquet, which in recent visits has been held in the Buckingham Palace ballroom.

President Macron’s trip follows the visit by the King and Queen to France, which sought to strengthen diplomatic and defence ties.

King Charles received a standing ovation from the French Senate, after a speech in which he spoke strongly in support of Ukraine, after the “horrifying” invasion by Russia.

As well as set-piece occasions at the Arc de Triomphe and a banquet at the Palace of Versailles, the King went to see environmental projects and a food market in Bordeaux.

The forthcoming visit by Macron will be seen as a further effort to reinforce links with a European ally, against a background of uncertainty about negotiations over Ukraine and the threat of tariffs from the United States.

Overseas heads of state are invited to visit the King on the advice of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.