The U.S. Supreme Court on June 27 issued a 6-3 decision allowing parents to opt their kids out of LGBTQ+ themed curriculum based on religious objections.

Religious and conservative parents’ rights groups are rejoicing while teachers, authors and civil rights advocates sound an alarm that schools could soon become less inclusive.

The nation’s highest court has spoken, but the debate over kids’ exposure to LGBTQ+ literature and culture in America’s schools is far from over.

Religious and conservative parents’ rights groups are rejoicing while teachers, authors and civil rights advocates sound an alarm that schools could soon become less inclusive after the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to allow parents to pull their children out of classes with material they object to on religious grounds.The divided court sided with a group of Maryland parents who complained that their school district refused to allow them to opt out their kids of English language arts classes when books with LGBTQ+ characters are included.

Parents from Montgomery County Public Schools – which include Muslims, Roman Catholics and Ukrainian Orthodox followers – argued the district’s policy banning them from opting out intruded on their First Amendment right to freely exercise their religious beliefs.

On June 27, the Supreme Court agreed with them in a 6-3 decision, saying American parents should be able to remove their kids from the lessons to protect their families’ religious ideologies.

Books with LGBTQ+ teachings and characters “unmistakably convey a particular viewpoint about same-sex marriage and gender,” Justice Samuel Alito wrote on behalf of the court’s majority. The court has long recognized the rights of parents to direct their children’s religious upbringing, he said.

The American Civil Liberties Union, which has backed the Maryland school district’s policy, said the school district’s curriculum, which began to include storybooks for elementary schools with LGBTQ+ characters in 2022, is secular, age-appropriate and designed to be inclusive. The ACLU called the decision “deeply disappointing.”

“This decision complicates our work creating a welcoming, inclusive and equitable school system,” Liliana López, a spokesperson for the district, said in an email to USA TODAY on behalf of the school district and the Montgomery Board of Education. “It also sends a chilling message to many valued members of our diverse community.

Public schools are facing heightened scrutiny over what’s taught in their classrooms, increased pressure from conservative parents and additional surveillance over the programs and curriculum they offer to LGBTQ+ youth they serve. The court’s decision represents the celebration and panic for parents across the political spectrum.

The Supreme Court’s decision advances President Donald Trump’s and several conservative parent rights groups’ disdain against LGBTQ+ programming in schools. The Trump administration has backed the Maryland parents in the case, saying the schools had put “a price on a public benefit of public education at the expense of foregoing your religious beliefs.”

What could it mean for school culture?

Fears of an unwelcoming environment in public schools for LGBTQ+ students erupted after the decision.

LGBTQ+ students already face a high chance of rejection, bullying, discrimination and violence at school. These students are at high risk of mental health challenges like depression, anxiety and attempts of suicide, according to data from Child Mind Institute.

Attorneys from the ACLU said the Supreme Court’s decision could have “far-reaching consequences for public schools’ ability to create an inclusive and welcoming environment that reflects the diversity of their communities.”

The decision advances the mission of Trump and his education department to ban programming about LGTBQ+ and other social and racial justice issues in schools.

This year, the Trump administration has demanded public schools ax publicly funded programs that support diversity, equity and inclusion in schools. The DEI programming includes those that offer LGBTQ+ students support.

The U.S. Department of Education cannot directly control classroom curriculum, which is in the hands of the states. But it has said it will slash their federal funding for violating a federal civil rights law if they do not comply with the order. (Thousands of schools in more than a dozen states have objected.)

With the Supreme Court decision, the outcomes “could wreak havoc on public schools, tying their hands on basic curricular decisions and undermining their ability to prepare students to live in our pluralistic society,” said Daniel Mach, director of the ACLU’s Program on Freedom of Religion and Belief.

Mach called religious freedom “fundamentally important.” But he said that freedom “shouldn’t force public schools to exempt students from any secular lessons that don’t align with their families’ religious views.”

Parents who say schools shouldn’t be the ones to teach their kids about these issues anticipate a more welcoming place for their families.

“This is a historic victory for parental rights in Maryland and across America. Kids shouldn’t be forced into conversations about drag queens, pride parades, or gender transitions without their parents’ permission,” said Eric Baxter, vice president and senior counsel at The Becket Fund, a nonprofit, public-interest legal and educational institute with the mission of protecting free expressions of faiths. “Today, the Court restored common sense and made clear that parents—not government—have the final say in how their children are raised.”

Meanwhile, teachers are bracing for how the ruling could affect their lesson plans, students and classrooms.

“By creating new, unnecessary legal rules that burden hardworking educators and disrupt their ability to teach, the Court is effectively inserting itself into the day-to-day education decisions about what students can learn and what educators can teach,” according to Miguel Gonzalez, a spokesperson for the National Education Association.

What about religion in schools?

Religious groups have applauded the Supreme Court’s decision.

Their support comes during a GOP wave calling for more religion in schools.

Oklahoma’s top education official has ordered public schools to teach the Bible. He also wanted state funding for a controversial religious charter school before that idea was shut down by the U.S. Supreme Court earlier this year in a deadlocked 4-4 decision.

Louisiana leaders directed schools to display the Ten Commandments, but that has been blocked by a federal court. Texas leaders proposed a curriculum that incorporates biblical lessons. Parents and faith leaders have filed a lawsuit against it.

Some school administrators and civil rights advocates have fought back, saying these mandates violate students’ rights. Cecillia Wang, a national legal director of the ACLU, said she is worried about the court’s decision to side with parents on this case because it could affect schools’ ability to implement lessons in the future that may “trigger religious objections.”

“For the first time now, parents with religious objections are empowered to pick and choose from a secular public school curriculum, interfering with the school district’s legitimate educational purposes and its ability to operate schools without disruption – ironically, in a case where the curriculum is designed to foster civility and understanding across differences,” Wang wrote in an email.

How about book bans?

The Maryland parents who sued the school district said they don’t want the books removed from schools. But Elly Brinkley, a staff attorney for free speech advocacy group PEN America, said further book bans across the nation’s public schools are likely as a result of the court’s decision.

“By allowing parents to pull their children out of classrooms when they object to particular content, the justices are laying the foundation for a new frontier in the assault on books of all kinds in schools,” Brinkley said. “This will exacerbate that devastating trend.”

A majority of the 16,000 books banned in schools since 2021 are LGBTQ+ themed, according to data from PEN America. The group’s data shows book bans nearly tripled during the 2023-2024 school year, with over 10,000 books banned in public schools.

Parents who have argued for book bans across the nation often say that the content is inappropriate for a school setting. Or they disagree with the content in the literature and don’t want their kids to be exposed to it.

A group of authors and illustrators named in the Maryland case said they disagree with the court’s decision. Those include the authors and illustrators of LGBTQ+-themed books: “Uncle Bobby’s Wedding,” “Jacob’s Room to Choose” and “Love, Violet.”

“We believe young people need to see themselves and families like theirs in the books they read; this is especially true for LGBTQ+ children and LGBTQ+ families,” they wrote in an email. “And all children need to learn how to share their classrooms and communities with people different from themselves. Books can help them understand one another and learn to treat each other with acceptance, kindness and respect.”

United States public schools Banned over 10K books during 2023-2024 academic year, report says

Contributing: Maureen Groppe, Thao Nguyen; USA TODAY

Contact Kayla Jimenez at kjimenez@usatoday.com. Follow her on X at @kaylajjimenez.