A Thai soldier and a Cambodian soldier standing guard at an ancient Khmer temple along the disputed Cambodian-Thai border in Oddar Meanchey Province in March.

Cambodian and Thai troops engaged in deadly clashes on Thursday along their contested and heavily patrolled border, prompting evacuations of residents and unraveling diplomatic relations between the Southeast Asian neighbors. Thai officials said that at least a dozen people were killed.

The two countries have a long-running nationalist rivalry and military clashes have occasionally turned deadly. Here is a timeline of the tensions:

1907

The border disputes can be traced back to a 1907 map created during French colonial rule in Cambodia. The map was the basis of Cambodia’s claims to certain parts of the border, but its vagueness led to conflicting interpretations, and Thailand contested it.

The countries tried to resolve the dispute diplomatically, but the issue was never settled completely, even after transnational bodies like the International Court of Justice intervened in 1962. At stake were areas like centuries-old historical temples.

2008-11

Military fighting has broken out intermittently since 2008. The last time tensions turned deadly was in 2011, when the fighting focused on a jungle border area including ancient temples to which both sides had laid claim. Each side blamed the other for starting and prolonging the fighting.

The two nations declared a cease-fire after seven days of fighting killed at least 15 people and displaced tens of thousands of civilians. That same year, a United Nations court ordered the two nations to withdraw troops and establish a demilitarized zone, but the court left unresolved who would control a larger disputed territory, where troops kept clashing.

May 28, 2025

The border dispute worsened again earlier this year. In a skirmish between the two countries, a Cambodian soldier was killed. The soldier’s death brought the relations between the countries to the lowest point in years.

June 15

Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra of Thailand spoke with Cambodia’s de facto leader, Hun Sen. The call was meant to resolve the tensions between the two countries.

June 18

A recording of the call that Mr. Hun Sen posted to his Facebook page ignited an outcry in Thailand. Ms. Paetongtarn urged him to ignore the Thai military, referring to it as “the opposite side,” and called him “uncle.” She also offered to “arrange” anything that he wanted.

Her comments drew condemnation from Thai lawmakers, both in her coalition and the opposition. They said she appeared to disparage her own country’s military and took too much of a deferential tone with another country’s leader. Thai leaders called on her to resign.

July 1

Thailand’s Constitutional Court suspended Ms. Paetongtarn, accepting a petition to the court brought by a group of senators who sought her removal and accused her of violating ethics standards in her call with Mr. Hun Sen.

She apologized again and said personal gain had not been the purpose of her conversation with Mr. Hun Sen.

July 23

A Thai soldier lost his right leg in a land mine explosion. Thailand said it would downgrade diplomatic relations with Cambodia, recalling its ambassador to Cambodia and expelling Cambodia’s ambassador.

A person with a gun opened fire at a well-known market in Bangkok on Monday, killing five people and sending others running for cover, according to Bangkok’s emergency services department.

The shooting occurred at Or Tor Kor market, which is popular with tourists, in the Chatuchak district in northern Bangkok. The assailant died by suicide, according to the Bangkok Emergency Medical Center.

Four of the people killed were security guards at the market, and the fifth was a woman who was selling goods, the center added.

The Bangkok Post reported that a police investigation was underway. A spokesman for the Thai police was not immediately available for comment.

Five people were killed in a mass shooting at a food market in Bangkok on Monday.

The suspect in the attack at Or Tor Kor Market died after taking his own life, police in Thailand’s capital confirmed.

Four of those killed were security guards and the fifth victim worked at the market. Two other market sellers were injured, police said.

Police Lieutenant Siam Boonsom told local media that the gunman was Thai and he had disputes with the market’s security guards before.

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He also told reporters the shooting incident was unrelated to Thailand’s ongoing conflict with Cambodia.

The Or Tor Kor market is well known for high quality fresh fruit and seafood.

Gun ownership rates in Thailand are relatively high for the region and mass shooting incidents are not common, but the country has seen several deadly incidents in recent years.

In 2023, a 14-year-old boy killed two people and injured five others in a shooting at a luxury shopping mall in the centre of Bangkok.

An ex-policeman killed at least 37 people, most of them children, in a gun and knife attack at a childcare centre in in Nong Bua Lamphu province in north-east Thailand in October 2022.

In 2020, a soldier killed 29 people and injured dozens more in the city of Nakhon Ratchasima.

Boeing suffered another setback on Thursday, when a crash of one of its passenger jets in western India renewed scrutiny of the company’s safety record following a yearslong quality crisis.

It could take months or years to determine the cause of the crash, in which an Air India passenger plane, a Boeing 787 Dreamliner carrying 242 passengers and crew members, slammed into a medical college in Ahmedabad, in the Indian state of Gujarat.

Manufacturing issues may ultimately have little to do with what went wrong, but the episode — the first fatal crash involving a Dreamliner — could still lead to more scrutiny into concerns about Boeing’s production practices that go back years.

“Our deepest condolences go out to the loved ones of the passengers and crew on board Air India Flight 171, as well as everyone affected in Ahmedabad,” Kelly Ortberg, Boeing’s chief executive, said in a statement.

Mr. Ortberg also said that he had spoken with N. Chandrasekaran, the chairman of Tata Group, the conglomerate that owns Air India, and offered Boeing’s support. The company said it had a team ready to help with the investigation, which is being led by India’s aviation regulators.

Plane crashes are typically caused by multiple factors that can include things like bird strikes, pilot error, manufacturing defects and inadequate maintenance. Early hypotheses are often ruled out during lengthy, technical crash investigations.

The first Dreamliner was delivered in 2011 to All Nippon Airways, Japan’s largest airline. There are more than 1,100 in service today, including nearly three dozen operated by Air India, according to Cirium, an aviation data firm.

The plane involved in the crash on Thursday was delivered to Air India in January 2014 and had accumulated more than 41,000 flight hours, according to Cirium. The plane had taken off or landed nearly 8,000 times over its life, a typical amount for a Dreamliner of that age.

Thursday’s crash comes as Boeing is still dealing with repercussions from two deadly accidents involving its 737 Max plane in 2018 and 2019 that killed 346 people. The company reached a deal with the Justice Department last month, which would spare Boeing from taking criminal responsibility for the crashes.

Boeing has agreed to admit to obstructing federal oversight, pay a fine, contribute to a fund for the families of the victims and invest in safety and quality programs. The agreement, which requires the approval of a judge, was opposed by some of the families of crash victims.

The airplane manufacturer has faced other prominent safety issues in recent years.

In January 2024, a hole blew open on a new 737 Max 9 during an Alaska Airlines flight, exposing passengers to forceful winds. Boeing told regulators last August that it would redesign the panels to better detect any malfunctions.

That episode prompted widespread reforms at the company. Among them was an overhaul of senior management, including its chief executive, substantial changes in quality processes and procedures, increased regulatory scrutiny and Boeing’s purchase of a major supplier of Max bodies.

The Dreamliner has been the subject of quality concerns, too. Deliveries of the plane were paused for more than a year until the summer of 2022, when the Federal Aviation Administration approved a Boeing plan to make some fixes that included filling paper-thin gaps in the plane’s body and replacing certain titanium parts that were made with the wrong material. Those problems had no immediate impact on the safety of Dreamliners, Boeing said at the time.

Last year, the F.A.A. investigated claims by a Boeing engineer who claimed that the company had taken shortcuts around the time of the delivery pause in fitting together parts of the Dreamliner fuselage, or body. The whistle-blower, Sam Salehpour, said that the improper procedures could cause premature damage over years of use.

Boeing disputed the claim, including at a briefing last year for reporters at the factory in North Charleston, S.C., where the Dreamliner has been assembled for years. Two top Boeing engineers said then that the company had found no evidence to support the whistle-blower’s concerns after conducting exhaustive tests, inspections and analyses of the plane during its development and in recent years.

One 787 airframe had been subjected to testing that put it through 165,000 “flight cycles,” the equivalent pressurization and depressurization of that many flights. That figure far exceeded the plane’s expected useful life and the airframe still showed no signs of fatigue, Steve Chisholm, a vice president and the functional chief engineer for mechanical and structural engineering at Boeing, said at the briefing in South Carolina.

Boeing also said then that nearly 700 Dreamliners had gone through thorough six-year maintenance checks, and eight had gone through 12-year checks. Mechanics found no signs of premature fatigue in those jets, either, according to the company.

Other whistle-blowers have raised concerns about the South Carolina factory where the Dreamliner has been assembled for years. Among them was John Barnett, a former quality manager with almost three decades of experience at Boeing, who went public with his concerns about shoddy practices in 2019.

Mr. Barnett killed himself last year after a yearslong legal battle with the company, which he accused of retaliating against him for raising his concerns. Last month, Boeing settled a lawsuit with Mr. Barnett’s family concerning his death.

But the Dreamliner involved in Thursday’s crash predated those concerns: It was built years earlier in Seattle and delivered to Air India in 2014, according to Cirium.

Mr. Ortberg, who took over as Boeing’s chief executive last summer, described 2025 as “our turnaround year” in a message to employees in April, when the company released better-than-expected quarterly financial results. At the time, the company said it had stabilized Dreamliner production at five planes per month, but planned to increase that to seven later in the year.

The company’s shares were down about 5 percent in midafternoon trading Thursday.

Air India, one of the country’s biggest carriers, had a cluster of dangerous incidents about 15 years ago. Before Thursday’s crash, the airline’s last fatal crash was in August 2020. The airline, which was taken over by the Tata Group in 2022 after decades of government ownership, has been working in recent years to improve its safety record and upgrade and expand its plane fleet.

Alex Travelli and Pragati K.B. contributed reporting.

Image Elected officials, prison rights advocates and inmates’ family members protested for better conditions outside San Quentin State Prison in July. Credit… Jim Wilson/The New York Times

California’s prison system, which has been exceptionally hard-hit by the coronavirus, has started vaccinating some inmates — but none so far at the 25 prisons that have been most overwhelmed by infections, including San Quentin, Avenal State Prison and the California Institution for Men.

Elizabeth Gransee, a spokeswoman for J. Clark Kelso, a court-appointed official who oversees prison health care in California, said on Wednesday that the prison system had decided to concentrate its vaccination efforts at facilities where “people are at significant risk of becoming infected or severely ill from the coronavirus.”

But the facilities chosen — the Central California Women’s Facility in Chowchilla, the California Health Care Facility in Stockton and the California Medical Facility in Vacaville — have had far fewer infections and deaths than most other state prisons.

Ms. Gransee would not provide the specific date of when vaccinations started at the three facilities. She also declined to provide other details about the state prison’s vaccination program in response to written questions.

In all, 25 California prisons have individual caseloads surpassing 1,000. The largest outbreak has been at overcrowded Avenal, in Central California, which has logged more than 3,500 infections. That is one of the nation’s largest known coronavirus clusters.

During the past month, infections at the state’s prisons have nearly doubled and deaths have increased by more than 30 percent, according to a New York Times database tracking coronavirus cases in the nation’s correctional facilities.

The state’s handling of the virus has come under repeated criticism. Recently, planned transfers of medically vulnerable inmates from San Quentin to other prisons were abruptly halted after public objections. This spring, another inmate transfer ultimately led to more than 2,600 infections of inmates and guards and 28 inmate deaths at San Quentin.

The crowded, unsanitary conditions in prisons have made them epicenters for the virus. In recent weeks, there have been heated discussions in some states about whether inmates should receive vaccinations ahead of others. The infection rate among inmates is more than four times higher than rates among members of the general public, and the death rate is twice as high.

At Avenal, which state figures say is at 116 percent occupancy, Thai Tran, 43, tested positive for the virus last month. Before he fell ill, he had been sleeping in a crowded gym with some 140 other inmates, said his wife, Michelle Tran.

If incarcerated people are to be kept safe from the virus, inmates and correctional officers alike should receive vaccinations, Ms. Tran said.

“My husband didn’t go to Walmart and pick it up,” Ms. Tran said. “He didn’t go to the market and get it. It’s coming in from those coming in from the outside.”