INDIA HAS secured market access for key job-creating sectors such as textiles, footwear, gems and jewellery, and marine products — where the UK is set to eliminate duties of up to 20 per cent.

Negotiators have also managed to push for eliminating duties for almost 99.7% of tariff lines in India’s food sector. In most food items, the tariffs were as high as 70 per cent. New Delhi extracted enhanced market access in export-oriented sectors such as marine and animal products, including seafood, dairy, and meat products, with tariffs reduced to zero from up to 20 per cent.

On its part, New Delhi has allowed British companies to participate in a class of public procurement tenders, and also opened the highly-tariffed automobile and alcoholic beverage industries.

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The UK government said its large and varied manufacturing sectors will benefit from tariff cuts on aerospace (reduced from as high as 11% to 0%), automotives (from up to 110% down to 10%), and electrical machinery (from up to 22%).

For the first time, India has allowed duty cuts for UK-origin alcohol including whisky, brandy, rum, vodka, liqueurs, mead, cider, and tequila. These products, which currently face a base customs duty of 150 per cent, will see steep reductions — but only if they meet a Minimum Import Price (MIP) threshold of $5 per litre or $6 per 750 ml bottle. For qualifying imports, the duty will be gradually lowered from 110 per cent in Year 1 to 75 per cent by Year 10, through equal annual reductions.

This design helps shield India’s domestic liquor market from low-cost imports while giving premium UK spirits a competitive edge, New Delhi-based think tank GTRI said.

Significant change of position

In a first, India has allowed UK firms to participate in government tenders, offering them Class Two status under ‘Make in India’ rules, which require 20-50 per cent domestic value addition. While India had previously opened public procurement under the UAE deal, experts said the deal offered to the UK is the most generous yet.

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“This is the most extensive concession in government procurement that India has offered in any FTA to date and marks a strategic shift away from using public procurement as a tool for domestic industrial development. The 20 per cent local content rule allows UK firms to use up to 80 per cent inputs from third countries — such as China or the EU — while still receiving preferential treatment, effectively diluting the benefits that programmes like Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat were designed to protect,” GTRI said.

The access granted to the UK could also set a precedent for future FTAs with larger economies like the EU or the US, potentially eroding India’s ability to use public procurement as a lever for policy goals such as import substitution, domestic capacity-building, and employment generation, the think tank added.

Experts said that India seems to have conceded significantly on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), as UK patent holders are now allowed to give voluntary licences, representing a marked shift from the earlier stance.

“The IP chapter undermines policy space to facilitate access to medicines on two grounds. One, it explicitly mentions a preference for voluntary licensing over compulsory licensing. Two, it reiterates the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) provision which allows the patent holder to withhold information on the working of patents for three years,” an expert said on condition of anonymity.

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India began exploring deal back in 2007

India and the UK (then part of the EU) began exploring the possibility of a trade deal back in 2007. However, Europe’s demands for access to India’s key job-generating sectors, such as automobiles and agriculture, were too steep for the government to build a consensus within the country, leading to the talks’ failure.

After deciding to withdraw from negotiations for the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) — a mega trade deal involving China, the ASEAN region, Australia, and New Zealand — over concerns about a surge in Chinese imports in 2019, India began looking to the lucrative West for deeper economic integration.

Diwali deadline missed and more

Post-2019, when India adopted a decisive approach towards a free trade agreement with the UK, a political crisis in London played spoilsport, beginning with Brexit in 2016. While negotiations continued under three different British Prime Ministers from 2022 to 2025, several deadlines were missed, including the Diwali deadline set by former UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson. The deal only materialised after the Keir Starmer-led Labour Party won a landslide victory in May 2025.

Another political push towards global deals was the election of US President Donald Trump. It incentivised countries to swiftly secure new markets, bringing the UK and India even closer in their search for certainty in a world that seems to be moving towards trade turmoil.

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Shedding protectionism

The UK deal is significant as it marks the beginning of integration between the advanced services sector in the UK and that of India.

India has finally opened its doors to high-end British cars and whisky, albeit in a phased manner. The India–UK Free Trade Agreement ensures comprehensive market access for goods across all sectors, covering all of India’s export interests. India will benefit from tariff elimination on approximately 99 per cent of tariff lines, covering nearly 100 per cent of trade value — offering opportunities to boost bilateral trade between India and the UK, according to the Commerce and Industry Ministry.

The pact includes chapters on goods, services, innovation, government procurement, and intellectual property rights. The two countries have also concluded negotiations on the Double Contribution Convention Agreement, or social security pact, which would help avoid double contributions to social security funds by Indian professionals working for a limited period in Britain. However, talks on the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) are still ongoing.

India’s exports to the UK rose by 12.6 per cent to $14.5 billion, while imports grew by 2.3 per cent to $8.6 billion in 2024–25. Bilateral trade between India and the UK increased to $21.34 billion in 2023–24 from $20.36 billion in 2022–23.